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\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd – \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. 1993-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd-\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd-\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0ba3\u0bbf \u0bae\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 “Bridge Initiative” \u0b90 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbf \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd 50-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd 35 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/p>\n
Islam: The Straight Path<\/p>\n
The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?<\/p>\n
What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam<\/p>\n
The Future of Islam<\/p>\n
Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
2007-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0bae\u0bca\u0b95\u0bb9\u0bc6\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd, 35-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd 50,000-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd 1.6 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n
\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/p>\n
The Oxford Dictionary of Islam<\/p>\n
The Oxford History of Islam<\/p>\n
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World<\/p>\n
\u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
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“\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2, \u0ba8\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bcd” \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd-\u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95 \u0b8a\u0b9f\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. “\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd” \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95-\u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd (CAIR) \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n
\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb9\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd, \u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bc6\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
“\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2, \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba8\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd” \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd P \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
(\u0bb9\u0bc6\u0baa\u0bbe \u0bb9\u0baa\u0bc0\u0baa\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bb8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd)<\/p>\n
16 \u0b9c\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc8 2026<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/…\/john-esposito-pioneering…<\/p>\n
Wikipedia \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 :-<\/p>\n
Ph.D. \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95, \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b9a\u0bc2\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b9c\u0bc6\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb9\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0bae\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0bb9\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb2\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbe \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0bb9\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b8e\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcb \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbf \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd-\u0b83\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd 1984-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd _Islam and Politics_ \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, 1988-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd _Islam: The Straight Path_ \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9.<\/p>\n
35-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd _The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World_, _The Oxford History of Islam_, _The Oxford Dictionary of Islam_, _The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World_ [6 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd], \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd _Oxford Islamic Studies Online_ \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
1988-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b9f \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd [MESA] \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
\u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
1999 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd 2004 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0ba9\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0baf\u0b95 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd 100 \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1, \u0b90.\u0ba8\u0bbe \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1, \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd E.C. \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b90\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n
Unity Productions Foundation \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 PBS-\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b86\u0bb5\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 _Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet_ \u0baa\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.[2002]<\/p>\n
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\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n
From Wikipedia:-<\/p>\n
For nearly twenty years after completing his Ph.D., Esposito had taught religious studies (including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam) at the College of the Holy Cross, a Jesuit college in Massachusetts. At the College of the Holy Cross, he held the Loyola Professor of Middle East Studies position, was the chair of the Department of Religious Studies, and director of the College of the Holy Cross’s Center for International Studies.[2] At Georgetown University, Esposito held the position of university professor and taught as both professor of religion and international affairs and professor of Islamic studies.[3]<\/p>\n
Esposito completed his doctoral studies under the supervision of the influential Islamic scholar Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi.[4] Esposito published Islam and Politics in 1984, and Islam: The Straight Path in 1988. Both books sold well, going through many editions. In addition to more than 35 books, he was editor-in-chief of a number of Oxford reference works, including The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, The Oxford History of Islam, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (six vols), and Oxford Islamic Studies Online.[2]<\/p>\n
In 1988, he was elected president of the Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA). He has also served as president of the American Academy of Religion and president of the American Council for the Study of Islamic Societies. He served as vice chair of the board of directors of the Center for the Study of Islam & Democracy from 1999 to 2004 he was a member of the World Economic Forum’s Council of 100 Leaders, the High Level Group of the U.N. Alliance of Civilizations and the E. C. European Network of Experts on De-Radicalisation. He was an advisor to the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation. A recipient of the American Academy of Religion’s 2005 Martin E. Marty Award for the Public Understanding of Religion and of Pakistan’s Quaid-e-Azam Award for Outstanding Contributions in Islamic Studies, in 2003 he received the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University Award for Outstanding Teaching.[2]<\/p>\n
Esposito founded the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University in 1993 and was its founding director. The center received a $20 million endowment from Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal “to advance education in the fields of Islamic civilization and Muslim-Christian understanding and strengthen its presence as a world leader in facilitating cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue.Esposito was a Catholic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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